Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran
Kremlin.ru – January 17, 2025
The Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran, hereinafter referred to as the Contracting Parties,
expressing interest in taking friendly interstate relations to a new level and giving them a comprehensive, long-term and strategic nature, as well as in strengthening their legal foundations,
convinced that the development of a comprehensive strategic partnership is in the fundamental interests of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran,
relying on the deep historical ties between the Russian and Iranian peoples, the closeness of cultures and spiritual and moral values, common interests, strong ties of good neighborliness and broad opportunities for cooperation in the political, economic, military, cultural, humanitarian, scientific, technical and other fields,
taking into account the need to further strengthen cooperation in the interests of peace and security at the regional and global levels,
wishing to promote an objective process of forming a new just and sustainable multipolar world order based on the sovereign equality of states, good faith cooperation, mutual respect for interests, collective resolution of international problems, cultural and civilizational diversity, the rule of international law in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, including the renunciation of the threat or use of force, non-interference in the internal affairs and respect for the territorial integrity of both states,
reaffirming their commitment to the spirit, purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the generally recognized norms of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between States, and guided by all existing agreements between the Contracting Parties, including the Declaration between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran on Enhancing the Role of International Law of 16 June 2020 (corresponding to 27 Khordad 1399 AH),
emphasizing that the Treaty between the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and Persia of 26 February 1921 (corresponding to 7 Esfand 1299 AH), the Treaty on Commerce and Navigation between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Iran of 25 March 1940 (corresponding to 5 Farvardin 1319 AH), the Treaty on the Fundamentals of Relations and Principles of Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran of 12 March 2001 (corresponding to 22 Esfand 1379 AH) and other fundamental documents concluded between the Contracting Parties laid a solid legal foundation for bilateral relations,
agreed on the following:
Article 1
The Contracting Parties strive to deepen and expand relations in all areas of mutual interest, strengthen cooperation in the field of security and defense, and closely coordinate activities at the regional and global levels, which corresponds to a long-term, comprehensive and strategic partnership.
Article 2
The Contracting Parties shall pursue state policies based on mutual respect for national and security interests, the principles of multilateralism, peaceful resolution of disputes, rejection of unipolarity and hegemony in world affairs, and shall oppose interference by third parties in the internal and external affairs of the Contracting Parties.
Article 3
1. The Contracting Parties shall strengthen their relations on the basis of the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, independence, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, respect for sovereignty, cooperation and mutual trust.
2. The Contracting Parties shall take measures to jointly promote the above-mentioned principles at various levels of relations in the bilateral, regional and global dimensions, and shall adhere to and support policies consistent with these principles.
3. In the event that one of the Contracting Parties is subjected to aggression, the other Contracting Party shall not provide any military or other assistance to the aggressor that would facilitate the continuation of aggression, and shall assist in ensuring that the differences that arise are settled on the basis of the Charter of the United Nations and other applicable norms of international law.
4. The Contracting Parties shall not allow the use of their territories for the purpose of supporting separatist movements and other actions that threaten the stability and territorial integrity of the other Contracting Party, as well as hostile actions against each other.
Article 4
1. In order to strengthen national security and counter common threats, the intelligence and security services of the Contracting Parties shall exchange information and experience and enhance the level of their cooperation.
2. The intelligence and security services of the Contracting Parties shall interact within the framework of separate agreements.
Article 5
1. The Contracting Parties, in order to develop military cooperation through their relevant departments, shall prepare and implement relevant agreements within the framework of the Working Group on Military Cooperation.
2. Military cooperation between the Contracting Parties covers a wide range of issues, including the exchange of military and expert delegations, calls by warships and vessels at ports of the Contracting Parties, training of military personnel, exchange of cadets and teachers, participation, by agreement of the Contracting Parties, in international defense exhibitions held by the Contracting Parties, holding joint sports competitions, cultural and other events, implementing joint maritime operations to provide assistance and rescue, as well as combating piracy and armed robbery at sea.
3. The Contracting Parties shall closely cooperate in conducting joint military exercises on the territory of both Contracting Parties and beyond its borders by mutual agreement and taking into account applicable generally recognized norms of international law.
4. The Contracting Parties shall consult and cooperate in the area of countering common military threats and threats to security of a bilateral and regional nature.
Article 6
1. Within the framework of a comprehensive, long-term and strategic partnership, the Contracting Parties confirm their commitment to the development of military-technical cooperation on the basis of relevant agreements between them, taking into account mutual interests and their international obligations, and consider such cooperation as an important component of maintaining regional and global security.
2. In order to ensure proper coordination and further development of bilateral military-technical cooperation, the Contracting Parties shall hold annual meetings of the relevant working bodies.
Article 7
1. The Contracting Parties shall cooperate on a bilateral and multilateral basis in the fight against international terrorism and other challenges and threats, in particular extremism, transnational organized crime, human trafficking and hostage-taking, illegal migration, illegal financial flows, legalization (laundering) of proceeds of crime, the financing of terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, illegal trafficking in goods, money and monetary instruments, historical and cultural values, weapons, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors, and shall exchange operational information and experience in the field of border control.
2. The Contracting Parties shall coordinate their positions and promote joint efforts in the fight against the said challenges and threats at the relevant international venues, and shall also cooperate within the framework of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).
3. The Contracting Parties shall maintain cooperation on issues of protecting public order and ensuring public safety, protecting important state facilities and state control over the circulation of weapons.
4. The Contracting Parties, when implementing the cooperation provided for in this article, shall be guided by their national legislation and the provisions of international treaties to which they are parties.
Article 8
1. The Contracting Parties shall protect the rights and legitimate interests of their citizens on the territory of the Contracting Parties.
2. The Contracting Parties shall develop cooperation in all legal areas of interest, in particular in the provision of legal assistance in civil and criminal cases, the extradition and transfer of persons sentenced to imprisonment, as well as the implementation of agreements in the area of the return of assets obtained by criminal means.
Article 9
1. Guided by the objectives of maintaining international peace and security, the Contracting Parties shall consult and cooperate with each other within the framework of international organizations, including the United Nations and its specialized agencies, on global and regional issues that may directly or indirectly pose a challenge to the common interests and security of the Contracting Parties.
2. The Contracting Parties shall cooperate and support on a reciprocal basis the membership of each Contracting Party in relevant international and regional organizations.
Article 10
The Contracting Parties shall closely cooperate on issues of arms control, disarmament, non-proliferation and ensuring international security within the framework of relevant international treaties and international organizations to which they are parties, and shall conduct regular consultations on these issues.
Article 11
1. The Contracting Parties shall carry out political and practical cooperation in the field of international information security in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on cooperation in the field of information security dated January 26, 2021 (corresponding to 7 Bahman 1399 AH).
2. The Contracting Parties shall promote the formation, under the auspices of the United Nations, of a system for ensuring international information security and the creation of a legally binding regime for the prevention and peaceful settlement of conflicts based on the principles of sovereign equality and non-interference in the internal affairs of states.
3. The Contracting Parties shall expand cooperation in the field of combating the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes, coordinate actions and jointly promote initiatives within the framework of international organizations and other negotiating platforms. The Contracting Parties shall promote the strengthening of national sovereignty in the international information space, exchange information and create conditions for interaction between the competent authorities of the Contracting Parties.
4. The Contracting Parties support the course towards internationalization of the management of the information and telecommunications network “Internet”, advocate equal rights for states in its management, consider any attempts to limit the sovereign right to regulate and ensure the security of national segments of the global network to be unacceptable, and are interested in more active involvement of the International Telecommunication Union in solving these problems.
5. The Contracting Parties support the strengthening of sovereignty in the international information space through regulation of the activities of international companies in the field of information and communication technologies, as well as through the exchange of experience in managing national segments of the Internet and the development of infrastructure in the field of information and communication technologies, and cooperate in the field of digital development.
Article 12
The Contracting Parties shall promote the strengthening of peace and security in the Caspian region, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and the Middle East, shall cooperate with the aim of preventing interference in the said regions and the destabilizing presence there of third states, and shall exchange opinions on the situation in other regions of the world.
Article 13
1. The Contracting Parties shall cooperate with the aim of preserving the Caspian Sea as a zone of peace, good-neighborliness and friendship based on the principle of the non-presence in the Caspian Sea of armed forces not belonging to the coastal states, as well as ensuring security and stability in the Caspian region.
2. The Contracting Parties, taking into account the advantages of their territorial proximity and geographical connectivity, strive to use all the economic opportunities of the Caspian Sea.
3. The Contracting Parties shall actively cooperate to promote and deepen the multifaceted partnership of the Caspian region states. In cooperating in the Caspian Sea, the Contracting Parties shall be guided by the current five-party international treaties of the Caspian states, to which the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran are parties, and shall confirm the exclusive competence of the Caspian states in resolving issues related to the Caspian Sea. The Contracting Parties shall improve bilateral cooperation on issues related to the Caspian Sea.
4. The Contracting Parties shall cooperate, including within the framework of joint project activities, in the area of sustainable use of the economic potential of the Caspian Sea, guaranteeing environmental safety, protection of biological diversity, conservation and rational use of aquatic biological resources, the marine environment of the Caspian Sea, and shall also take measures to combat pollution of the Caspian Sea.
Article 14
The Contracting Parties shall deepen cooperation within the framework of regional organizations, interact and coordinate positions in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the interests of strengthening its potential in the areas of politics, security, economics, culture and humanitarian spheres, and facilitate the expansion of trade and economic ties between the Eurasian Economic Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Article 15
The Contracting Parties shall promote the development of cooperation between their legislative bodies, including within the framework of international parliamentary organizations, various multilateral formats, specialized committees and commissions, relevant liaison groups of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Consultative Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as the Commission on Cooperation between the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Consultative Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Article 16
1. The Contracting Parties shall develop interregional cooperation based on its particular importance for the expansion of the entire range of bilateral relations.
2. The Contracting Parties shall create favorable conditions for the establishment of direct ties between Russian and Iranian regions, and shall promote mutual familiarization with their economic and investment potential, including through the holding of business missions, conferences, exhibitions, fairs, and other joint interregional events.
Article 17
The Contracting Parties support trade and economic cooperation in all areas of mutual interest, coordinating this interaction at the site of the Permanent Russian-Iranian Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation.
Article 18
1. The Contracting Parties shall promote the development of trade, economic and industrial cooperation, the creation of mutual economic advantages, including joint investments, infrastructure financing, simplification of trade and business mechanisms, cooperation in the banking sector, the promotion and mutual provision of goods, works, services, information and the results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them.
2. Recognizing their investment potential, the Contracting Parties may carry out joint investments in the economies of third countries and, to this end, maintain dialogue within the framework of relevant multilateral mechanisms.
Article 19
1. The Contracting Parties shall oppose the application of unilateral coercive measures, including those of an extraterritorial nature, and shall consider their introduction to be an internationally unlawful and unfriendly act. The Contracting Parties shall coordinate efforts and support multilateral initiatives aimed at eliminating the practice of applying such measures in international relations, guided, inter alia, by the Declaration of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran on the ways and means of countering, mitigating and compensating for the negative consequences of unilateral coercive measures of 5 December 2023 (corresponding to 14 Azar 1402 AH).
2. The Contracting Parties guarantee the non-application of unilateral coercive measures aimed directly or indirectly at one of the Contracting Parties, individuals and legal entities of such Contracting Party or their property under the jurisdiction of the Contracting Party, goods, works, services, information, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them, originating from one Contracting Party and intended for the other Contracting Party.
3. The Contracting Parties shall refrain from joining unilateral coercive measures or supporting such measures of any third party if such measures affect or are aimed directly or indirectly at one of the Contracting Parties, individuals and legal entities of such Contracting Party or their property under the jurisdiction of such third party, goods originating from one Contracting Party intended for the other Contracting Party, and (or) works, services, information, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights thereto, provided by suppliers of the other Contracting Party.
4. In the event that unilateral coercive measures are introduced with respect to one of the Contracting Parties by any third party, the Contracting Parties shall make practical efforts to reduce risks, eliminate or minimize the direct and indirect impact of such measures on mutual economic relations, individuals and legal entities of the Contracting Parties or their property located in the jurisdiction of the Contracting Parties, goods originating from one Contracting Party intended for the other Contracting Party, and (or) works, services, information, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights thereto, provided by suppliers of the Contracting Parties. The Contracting Parties shall also take steps to limit the dissemination of information that may be used by such a third party to introduce and escalate such measures.
Article 20
1. In order to increase the volume of mutual trade, the Contracting Parties shall create conditions for the development of cooperation between credit institutions, taking into account international legal documents in the field of combating money laundering and terrorist financing, to which the Contracting Parties are parties, the use of various trade finance instruments, the development of joint support projects for mutual exports, building up investment potential, expanding mutual investments between individuals, state and private companies, and ensuring adequate protection of mutual investments.
2. The Contracting Parties shall develop cooperation with the aim of creating a modern payment infrastructure independent of third countries, transitioning to the implementation of bilateral settlements in national currencies, strengthening direct interbank cooperation and disseminating national financial products.
3. The Contracting Parties shall expand their cooperation with the aim of developing trade and encouraging investment in special/free economic zones of the Contracting Parties.
4. The Contracting Parties shall assist the special/free economic zones of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran in carrying out activities aimed at creating joint ventures in areas of mutual interest and shall pay attention to the creation of industrial zones.
5. The Contracting Parties declare their readiness to develop mutually beneficial cooperation in the gold mining, gold processing, diamond and jewelry industries.
Article 21
1. The Contracting Parties, taking into account their existing capabilities and potential, maintain close cooperation in the field of transport and confirm their readiness for the comprehensive development of partnership in the transport sector on a mutually beneficial basis.
2. The Contracting Parties shall create favorable conditions for the work of carriers of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran, facilitating the process of transportation of goods and passengers by all types of transport and increasing their volumes, and the efficient use of road and border infrastructure.
3. The Contracting Parties shall develop cooperation in the field of automobile, rail, air, sea and multimodal transportation, as well as in the training of specialists in the field of transport.
4. The Contracting Parties shall actively cooperate in the development of international transport corridors passing through the territory of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran, in particular the international transport corridor “North-South”. Such interaction shall include the promotion of goods originating from the Contracting Parties to the markets of third countries, as well as the creation of conditions for the development of seamless transportation along transport corridors both in bilateral communication and in transit through their territory.
5. The Contracting Parties shall implement modern developments in the field of digital transport systems.
6. The Contracting Parties shall maintain close coordination within the framework of international industry organizations in the field of transport, establish mutually beneficial cooperation between executive authorities in the field of transport and organizations, and facilitate their participation in international industry transport events.
Article 22
1. The Contracting Parties shall expand cooperation in the oil and gas sector on the principles of equality and mutual benefit and shall take measures to enhance the energy security of the Contracting Parties through the efficient use of fuel and energy resources.
2. The Contracting Parties shall promote the development of bilateral cooperation in the energy sector in the following areas:
2.1. scientific and technical cooperation, exchange of experience and implementation of advanced and modern technologies in the field of production, processing and transportation of oil and gas;
2.2. assistance to Russian and Iranian companies and organizations in the fuel and energy complex in expanding cooperation, including energy supplies and swap operations;
2.3. encouraging investments within the framework of bilateral cooperation in projects for the development of oil and gas fields in the territory of the Contracting Parties;
2.4. facilitating the implementation of infrastructure projects that are important for ensuring global and regional energy security;
2.5. ensuring non-discriminatory access to international energy markets and increasing their competitiveness;
2.6. cooperation and implementation of coordinated policies within the framework of international energy forums, such as the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and OPEC Plus.
3. The Contracting Parties shall increase the level of interaction, exchange of opinions and experience in the field of renewable energy sources.
Article 23
The Contracting Parties shall promote the development of long-term and mutually beneficial relations for the purpose of implementing joint projects in the field of peaceful use of atomic energy, including the construction of nuclear power facilities.
Article 24
1. The Contracting Parties shall develop cooperation in the fields of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary science, plant protection and quarantine, and seed production with the aim of expanding mutual trade and access of agricultural products to the markets of the Contracting Parties and the markets of third countries.
2. The Contracting Parties shall take the necessary measures to ensure the safety of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs, which must comply with the requirements established in the area of sanitary-epidemiological, veterinary, quarantine, phytosanitary and seed control (supervision), as well as the requirements for the safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals or other requirements of the legislation of the Contracting Parties.
Article 25
The Contracting Parties shall carry out customs cooperation, including the implementation of projects to create a simplified customs corridor, mutual recognition of relevant institutions of authorized economic operators in order to stimulate the formation of secure supply chains, the organization of administrative cooperation and the exchange of customs information between their customs authorities.
Article 26
The Contracting Parties shall develop cooperation in the field of antimonopoly policy in order to promote fair competition in national markets and improve the level of welfare of the population.
Article 27
The Contracting Parties shall develop cooperation in such matters as mutual recognition of standards, test reports and certificates of conformity, direct application of standards, exchange of experience and advanced developments in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements, training of experts and facilitating the recognition of test results between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Article 28
The Contracting Parties shall cooperate in the areas of healthcare, medical education and science, including within the framework of specialized international organizations, in the following areas:
1) organization of the state health care system and management of activities in the field of health care;
2) prevention and treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases;
3) protection of maternal and child health;
4) state regulation in the field of circulation of medicines for medical use and medical devices;
5) promotion of a healthy lifestyle;
6) medical scientific research;
7) implementation of digital technologies in healthcare;
8) professional training of health care specialists;
9) other areas of cooperation of mutual interest.
Article 29
1. The Contracting Parties shall strengthen cooperation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population on the basis of national legislation and state policy in the field of preventing and combating infections, as well as international treaties to which the Contracting Parties are parties.
2. The Contracting Parties shall deepen coordination in the area of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being and food safety.
3. The Contracting Parties shall promote the harmonization of hygiene requirements and standards for food safety and mutual participation in relevant events organized by them.
Article 30
1. The Contracting Parties shall promote the development and strengthening of long-term and constructive ties in the field of higher education, science, technology, and innovation, implement joint scientific and technical projects, and encourage the establishment and development of direct contacts between interested educational and scientific organizations of the Contracting Parties.
2. The Contracting Parties shall promote the development of direct partnerships between interested educational and scientific organizations of higher education, including on issues of development and implementation of joint scientific, technical and research programs and projects, exchange of scientific and pedagogical staff and students, scientific and technical information, scientific literature, periodicals and bibliographies.
3. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the exchange of experience and information on issues related to legal regulation in the sphere of scientific, scientific-technical and innovation activities, the organization and holding of joint scientific seminars, symposia, conferences, exhibitions and other events.
4. The Contracting Parties shall promote the study of the official languages, literature, history and culture of the other Contracting Party in their higher education institutions.
5. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the acquisition of education by their citizens in educational institutions of the other Contracting Party.
Article 31
The Contracting Parties shall expand interaction, exchange of opinions and experience in the field of research and exploration of outer space for peaceful purposes.
Article 32
The Contracting Parties shall strengthen ties between the mass media, as well as in such areas as printing and publishing, the promotion of Russian and Persian literature, socio-cultural, scientific and economic relations by encouraging mutual acquaintance and communication between the peoples of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Article 33
The Contracting Parties shall encourage their mass media to carry out broad cooperation to raise awareness of the people and support the free flow of information with the aim of jointly countering disinformation and negative propaganda regarding the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran, countering the dissemination of false information of public importance that threatens the national interests and security of each of the Contracting Parties, and other abuses in the media sphere.
Article 34
1. The Contracting Parties shall promote the further development of cooperation in the field of culture and art, including through the holding of cultural exchange events and the encouragement of direct contacts between their cultural institutions in order to maintain dialogue, deepen cultural cooperation and implement joint projects for cultural and educational purposes.
2. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the familiarization of the peoples of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran with each other’s culture and traditions, promote the study of the official languages (Russian and Persian), encourage contacts between educational organizations, including the exchange of experience between teachers of Russian and Persian, the improvement of their qualifications and professional retraining, the development of teaching aids on Russian and Persian as foreign languages taking into account national specifics, and encourage contacts between figures in literature, art, and music.
3. The Contracting Parties shall create favorable conditions for the activities of the Russian Cultural Center in Tehran and the Iranian Cultural Center in Moscow in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the establishment and conditions of activities of cultural centers dated April 13, 2021 (corresponding to 24 Farvardin 1400 AH).
Article 35
The Contracting Parties support in-depth cooperation in the public and private sectors in the field of promotion of cultural heritage, tourism, arts and crafts in the interests of raising people’s awareness of the socio-cultural wealth and diverse tourist attractions of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran, and promote direct contacts between their tourism organizations.
Article 36
The Contracting Parties encourage the development of bilateral youth exchanges, facilitate the establishment of direct contacts between creative, sports, socio-political and other youth associations, and facilitate the holding of joint thematic conferences, seminars and consultations on youth issues.
Article 37
The Contracting Parties shall promote the strengthening of cooperation in the field of physical culture and sport through the exchange of coaches and other specialists in the field of physical education and sport, and shall also expand direct contacts between their sports organizations.
Article 38
The Contracting Parties shall provide each other with possible assistance in preventing natural and man-made disasters, responding to them, eliminating their consequences, and developing and improving crisis management systems.
Article 39
The Contracting Parties shall cooperate in the field of environmental protection by exchanging experience in the rational use of natural resources, introducing environmentally friendly technologies and implementing environmental protection measures.
Article 40
The Contracting Parties shall promote cooperation, exchange of views and experience in the field of water resources management.
Article 41
The Contracting Parties may, if necessary, conclude separate agreements for the purpose of determining specific areas and parameters of cooperation provided for in this Treaty.
Article 42
The Contracting Parties shall exchange views on the progress of implementation of the provisions of this Treaty, including within the framework of regular meetings at the highest and high levels.
Article 43
This Agreement shall not affect the rights and obligations of the Contracting Parties arising from other international treaties.
Article 44
Disputes related to the interpretation or implementation of the provisions of this Treaty shall be resolved through consultations and negotiations between the Contracting Parties through diplomatic channels.
Article 45
1. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification and shall enter into force upon expiration of 30 (thirty) days from the date of the last written notification of the fulfillment by the Contracting Parties of the relevant domestic procedures, and shall be valid for 20 (twenty) years with automatic extension for subsequent five-year periods.
2. This Agreement shall be terminated if one of the Contracting Parties notifies the other Contracting Party in writing of its intention to terminate this Agreement no later than 1 (one) year prior to the expiration of its term.
Article 46
The termination of this Treaty shall not affect the rights and obligations of the Contracting Parties, as well as their current projects, programs or agreements that arose during the implementation of this Treaty prior to such termination, unless they otherwise agree in writing.
Article 47
By mutual written consent of the Contracting Parties, amendments and additions may be made to this Treaty. Such amendments and additions shall constitute an integral part of this Treaty and shall enter into force in accordance with its Article 45.
This Treaty, consisting of a preamble and 47 (forty-seven) articles, was concluded in the city of Moscow on January 17, 2025, which corresponds to December 28, 1403 of the solar Hijra, in two copies in the Russian, Persian and English languages, with all texts having equal force.
In the event of any disagreement regarding the interpretation or implementation of this Agreement, the English text shall apply.
